Unveiling Architectural and Geometric dimensions through a Systematic Review of Cordoba: Insights to UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Abstract

This study aims to develop a replicable framework for analysing the architectural and geometric significance of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, with Córdoba, Spain, as a case study. The purpose is to synthesize existing research to identify recurring themes, trends, and gaps, ultimately contributing to a classification system that can be applied to other UNESCO sites globally. This work also highlights the increasing need for interdisciplinary approaches in heritage analysis, particularly in the context of digital technologies. A qualitative meta-synthesis was conducted using a systematic review of the literature on Córdoba’s UNESCO heritage. Through this process, eight key dimensions were identified, offering a comprehensive framework for the architectural and geometric evaluation of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The study integrates findings from diverse perspectives, emphasizing digital techniques such as 3D modelling and laser scanning, and their implications for heritage analysis. The study reveals that while significant progress has been made in incorporating digital technologies in heritage analysis, there remain challenges related to data accuracy and methodological consistency. The proposed framework allows researchers to systematically address gaps in the current literature and prioritize areas for future exploration. The case study of Córdoba highlights these trends and provides valuable insights for enhancing conservation practices globally. This framework introduces a structured, interdisciplinary approach to the study and preservation of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The eight dimensions provide a flexible tool that can be applied to various heritage contexts, enabling more effective conservation strategies. This approach encourages innovation in heritage management and promotes global collaboration in the preservation and enhancement of cultural and architectural assets.