Parkinson’s disease protects against smoking?
Author
Allam, Mohamed F.
Campbell, Michael J.
Serrano del Castillo, Amparo
Fernández-Crehuet Navajas, Rafael
Publisher
IOS PressDate
2004Subject
Parkinson's diseaseSmoking
Systematic review
Meta-analysis
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Show full item recordAbstract
Our aim was to estimate the pooled risk of current and former smoking for Parkinson’s disease (PD).We have reviewed
all observational studies that evaluated the association between PD risk and smoking habit. Twenty six studies were identified:
21 case-control, 4 cohort and 1 cross-sectional. The cross-sectional study did not compare former with never smokers. These
studies were carried out between 1968 and 2000.
There was an obvious protective effect of current smoking in the pooled estimate [risk estimate 0.37 (95% confidence interval
0.33 to 0.41)]. Former versus never smokers had pooled risk estimate of 0.84 (95% confidence interval 0.76 to 0.92). Current and
former smoking do not, therefore, exert the same protective effect against PD so that it is unnecessary to postulate a biological
mechanism through which smoking protects against PD. The results show that the reverse direction of causation is a more
probable explanation, i.e. movement disorders of PD protect against smoking. Another explanation is that failure to develop
strong smoking habits in early adult life might be a prodromal symptom of the disease and could perhaps be its first clinical
manifestation.