Paisajes de Sierra Morena: Una cuestión de miradas y de escalas
Landscapes of the Sierra Morena: A question of perspective and scale
Autor
Silva Pérez, Rocío
Mulero Mendigorri, Alfonso
Editor
Universidades Públicas de AndalucíaFecha
2013Materia
Paisaje ruralSierra Morena
Dehesas
Caza mayor
Núcleos urbanos
Rural landscape
Large game hunting
Urban nucleous
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Este trabajo plantea un acercamiento a los paisajes de Sierra Morena desde la pers-
pectiva del Convenio Europeo del Paisaje, y bajo la premisa de que no es posible aprehender la
complejidad que, en términos paisajísticos, alberga el conjunto serrano si no es desde el empleo
de escalas heterogéneas y desde la adopción de miradas diferentes y complementarias. Metodo-
lógicamente se han seleccionado tres ejemplos de paisaje que son expresivos de distintos grados
de domesticación e intervención –o dejación– humana, que se perciben a distintas escalas y que
merecen –y/o han merecido – diferentes apreciaciones sociales e institucionales:
la dehesa
,
los
paisajes forestales–cinegéticos
del monte mediterráneo y los
paisajes urbanos
de los núcleos de
población dispersos en el extenso territorio mariánico. So far, general approaches and taxonomical endeavours to study and classify the landscapes
present in the Sierra Morena mountains of Andalucía have highlighted the extraordinary diffi culty of such an enterprise. Consequently, the need to unpick as far as possible the diversity of landscapes
in the Sierra Morena mountain area as a whole calls for a new approach. Hence, this article proposes
to take the perspective of the European Landscape Convention, which is different and comple-
mentary to the approaches taken so far. Therefore, the starting premise is that it is not possible to
apprehend the complexity which, in terms of landscape, can be found in the Sierra Morena without
using heterogeneous scales and adopting different and purposeful perspectives in each case.
With this intention, from a methodological point of view, three examples have been chosen
of landscapes that express differing degrees of domestication and human intervention – or neglect
– which are perceived at different scales and which merit – and/or have merited – different social
and institutional valuations: the ‘dehesa’ pastureland, an omnipresent landscape, well recognised
and classifi ed, institutionally lauded for its environmental values, and which ultimately is an everyday
livestock and agro–forest landscape; the woodland/hunting landscapes of the Mediterranean
shrublands, which are more naturalised in appearance and just as vast, the object of contradictory
representations of praise for their naturalistic wealth versus recrimination of their serial degradation and
hunting uses; and the landscapes of population nuclei which require a more intimate approach owing
to their reduced size, looking at an urban scale although not focusing exclusively on the city.
Regarding the fi ndings of this paper, the case studies selected demonstrate that the scale used
in the approach is critical to analysing and understanding the landscape: the multi–scale perspective
allows us to appreciate the typological richness inherent to some basic units of landscape which,
owing to the dominant reductive tendency, have been subject to an excessively homogeneous
and impoverishing characterisation. This is certainly true of the ‘dehesa’ pasturelands of the Sierra
Morena, where their diverse variants have barely been taken into account. Together with the above,
using different scales also allows for different spheres of landscape specifi city to be identifi ed which
have not been taken into consideration in the typological classifi cations carried out to date, tending
to be highly summarised and carried out on a small scale. In general, they do not contemplate the
existence of realities which, like the woodland/hunting landscape, have been shaped in relation to
specifi c sectors – only perceptible at an intermediate scale – in which very specifi c physiognomic and
functional components converge. Finally, looking at this matter in greater depth, only through large–
scale approaches can we apprehend the richness of urban landscapes and their ‘ruedos’, whose
scant landmass in the Sierra Morena contrasts with their extraordinary qualitative importance.
The analysis carried out has, however, highlighted that adequate knowledge of Sierra Morena
landscapes cannot be grounded purely in the use of different scales. The three cases analysed
show how the inherent complexity of many landscapes requires the adoption of a purposeful and
suffi ciently qualifi ed perspective; in other words, one which begins with precise knowledge of the
essential processes, both physical–natural and human, which have historically affected each terri-
tory. Only then can the different components that converge in each type of landscape be identifi ed,
shaping and moulding the character that allows it to be individualised